Daniels, Chapter 15

• the 1960 census showed that migration from Latin America was exclusively made by Mexicans 
• Latin Americans made up only 1% or the 34 million immigrants
• two-thenths of  1% of the entire Untied States population   
• between 1960 and 1980 more than 200,00 Cubans migrated
• in those same years 500,000 Southern Americans
• also in those years more than 100,000 Central Americans came
• the Dominican Republic had more than 90,000 migrate in the 1960s and more than 140,000 in the 1970s
• non-Spanish speaking islands of the West Indies sent over 30,000 people in 1950s, 130,000 in the 1960s, and 271,000 in the 1970s

Cubans

• 1898 Cuban became independent
• was an American protectorate for 60 years which only ended by Fidel Castro's revolution in 1959
• 1st Cuban American community in Key West, Florida
• Cuban owned cigar factory employed 50 people in 1831
• tobacco and politics account for almost all of Cuban migration
• Cigar making centers formed in New York City and Tampa using Cuban tobacco and Cuban labor
• after the liberation there wasn't much immigration for half a century
• 1950 only 30,000 foreign born Cubans
• by 1960 80,000 foreign born and 40,000 second generation
• 1950s Miami became the Cuban American population center
• 1960 started mass migration of exiles and refugees
• between Castro coming to power and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 more than 150,000 Cubans migrated
• after 1962 no direct flights for more than 3 years
• during that time 30,000 Cubans managed to get into America either by a third country or by small boat
• 1965-1973 more than 250,000 Cubans migrated
• since 1960 over 800,000 Cuban refugees have come to America
• often entered the labor force well below their skill level
• 1970 a third of Miami's commercial bank employees were Cuban
• 16 or 62 bank presidents
• 250 vice presidents
• over 500 other bank officers

Dominicans

• numbers of immigrants uncertain
• a quarter of a million listed by the beginning of the 1980s
• most presumed illegal 
• only 15,000 applied for amnesty
• worked at low paying jobs
• service or garment industries

Haitians

• poorest nation in Western Hemisphere
• average life expectancy in low 30s
• 1980 there were 92,000 Haitian immigrants, 88% who came after 1965
• in 1925 there were 500 in New York's Harlem
• became merchants or taught French and Spanish in the public schools
• unwanted refugees from hunger
• tens of thousands are now legally documented in America

Central Americas

• predicted that 2.33 million refugees would be created due to a communist takeover of Central America 
• 1980 census
• 94,000 Salvadorans
• 64,000 Guatemalans
• 1986 amnesty data
• 138,000 Salvadorans
• 51,000 Guatemalans
• 15,000 Nicaraguans
• estimated 2 million refugees
• 1984 8,292 Nicaraguans applied for asylum only 1,018 were accepted

Soviet Jews

• 1972 Jackson Amendment that favored trading privileges of Jews from the USSR
• 2,000,000 Jews in Soviet Union today
• 3,600,000 in Israel
• 6,000,000 in the United States
• 1988 19,000 Jews allowed out of Russia, only 7% went to Israel the rest to America
• 1986 600 Jews allowed to leave Russia
• 1988 19,000 were allowed