Chinese
- The first immigrants to come form Asia
- Came because of the CA gold rush in 1849
- Between 1848 and 1882 300,000 entered America
- Peak was in 1880 with 125,000
- Borrowed money from Chinese moneylenders to immigrate
- Expected to work in the “diggings”
- More Cantonese emigration back to China, 90%
- 1880-1890 Chinese male to female ratio was more that 20 to 1
- concentrated in the West, mainly California
- population in the rest of the U.S. grew after 1870
- mainly in the Sierras or the foothills of CA
- made San Francisco the dai fou or big city, this was the port of entry for them
- lived in big cities
- Chinatowns’ are the biggest of all ethnically concentrated areas
- Worked mostly in mining or as laborers
- Agriculture, manufacturing, domestic servants, laundry workers
- 1860’s help with the building of the railroad
- church was not a major organization
- family was main focus of religion
- Naturalization Act of 1870 made the Chinese a seperate social class and made them ineligible for citizenship until 1943
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 made Chinese the only group that couldn’t freely immigrate to the U.S.
- Many became papersons because of the San Francisco earthquake destroying birth records many Chinese made fake ones in order to claim citizenship and to bring family in from China; all due to the 14th amendment in 1906 that stated any person born in the states is a citizen automatically
Japanese
- Political refuges in 186
- Most went to Hawaii because of the sugar cane harvesting jobs
- Before 1924 fewer than 300,000 came to the U.S.
- As of 1940 more that 2/3 of Japanese population were native American born
- In 1880s and 1890s worked in urban occupations
- By 1900 economic focus was mainly agriculture
- By 1930 more than 35,000 lived in L.A.; More than a quarter of the population
- Highly successful, contributed to the growth of CA and the west
- Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907-1908 stopped the immigration of laborers, more that 20,000 adult women came to U.S.
- Japanese Exclusion Act in 1924
- 1st generations practiced Buddhism but later generations became Protestant, Catholic, and Mormon
French Canadians
- only migration movement that was mainly accomplished by railroad
- worked on fall river
- mostly family migrations
- came in hundreds of thousands
- clashed with the Irish because of church
- didn’t Americanize fast
- not many inter-racial marriages
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